Mechanics of Soccer Heading and Protective Headgear by Mohd Hasnun Arif Hassan Zahari Taha Iskandar Hasanuddin & Mohd Jamil Mohamed Mokhtarudin

Author:Mohd Hasnun Arif Hassan, Zahari Taha, Iskandar Hasanuddin & Mohd Jamil Mohamed Mokhtarudin
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Springer Singapore, Singapore

(2.1)

where , , , and are gas constants. The ideal gas molecular weight is taken as 0.0289.

Fig. 2.4Pressurization of the ball using surface-based fluid cavity. A node (cavity point) was created at the centre of gravity of the ball and coupled to the inner surface of the ball (cavity surface)

One step was created and exclusively dedicated to the ball pressurization. Pressurization was performed gradually using smooth step amplitude function since an abrupt increase in pressure inside the cavity will result in the explosion of the ball. At the end of the step, the ball is pressurized to the desired level. To avoid further increase in pressure, the pressurization was deactivated in subsequent steps.

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